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Strabismus

RREFERENCES
1. Abraham SV: Nonparalytic Strabismus, Amblyopia and Heterophoria. Los Angeles, Pan American, 1966, p 155.
2. Altizer LB: The nonsurgical treatment of exotropia. Am Orthopt J 22:71, 1972.
3. Asbury T: The role of orthoptics in the evaluation and treatment of intermittent esotropia. In Arruga A, ed: International Strabismus Symposium, University of Giessen, Germany 1966. Basel, S Karger, 1968, p 331.
4. Awaya S, Nozaki H, Itoh T, Hanada K: Studies of suppression in alternating constant exotropia and intermittent exotropia with reference to fusional background. In Moore S, Mein J, Stockbridge L, eds: Orthoptics: Past, Present, Future. Miami, Symposia Specialists, 1976, p 531.
5. Awaya S, Sugawara M, Komiyama K, Ikeyama K: Studies on stereoacuity in four constant exotropes with good stereoacuity, with a special reference to the Titmus stereo test and EOG analysis. Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jpn 83:425, 1979.
6. Azar RF: Surgical management of exotropia exceeding 70 prism diopters. Ann Ophthalmol 3:159, 1971.
7. Baker JD, Davies GT: Monofixational intermittent esotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 97:93, 1979.
8. Baker JD, Schweers M, Petrunak J: Is earlier surgery a sensory benefit in the treatment of intermittent exotropia? In Lennerstrand G, ed: Advances in Strabismology. Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the International Strabismological Association, Maastricht, Dept. 10–12, 1998. Buren, The Netherlands, Aeolus Press, 1999, p 289.
9. Ball A, Drummond GT, Pearce WG: Unexpected stereoacuity following surgical correction of long-standing horizontal strabismus. Can J Ophthalmol 28:217, 1993.
10. Beneish R, Flanders M: The role of stereopsis and early postoperative alignment in long-term results of intermittent exotropia. Can J Ophthalmol 29:119, 1994.
11. Bérard PV: Prisms—their therapeutic use in concomitant strabismus with normal correspondence. In Feels P, ed: First International Congress of Orthoptists. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1968, p 77.
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22. Brown HW: Aids in the diagnosis of strabismus. In Strabismus. Symposium of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1962, p 231.
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25. Burian HM: The sensorial retinal relationship in comitant strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol 37:336,504,648, 1947.
26. Burian HM: Selected problems in the diagnosis and treatment of the neuromuscular anomalies of the eyes. In II Curso Internacional de Oftalmologia. Barcelona, Publicaciones del Instituto Barranquer, 1958, p 25.
27. Burian HM: Exodeviations: Their classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 62:1161, 1966.
28. Burian HM: Pathophysiology of exodeviations. In Manley DR, ed: Symposium on Horizontal Ocular Deviations. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1971, p 119.
29. Burian HM, Franceschetti AT: Evaluation of diagnostic methods for the classification of exodeviations. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 68:56, 1970.
30. Burian HM, Smith DR: Comparative measurement of exodeviations at twenty and one hundred feet. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 69:188, 1971.
31. Burian HM, Spivey BE: The surgical management of exodeviations. Am J Ophthalmol 59:603, 1965.
32. Caldeira JA: Lateral gaze incomitance in surgical exodeviations: Clinical features. Binocular Vision Strabismus Q 7:75, 1992.
33. Caldeira JAF: Stage I intraoperative adjustment of eye muscle surgery for exodeviations based on eye position during general
correspondence in intermittent esotropia. In Fells P, ed: The First Congress of the International Strabismological Association. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1971, p 106.
anesthesia: A prospective study of 35 patients. Binocular Vision Strabismus Q 12:253, 1997.
34. Caltrider N, Jampolsky A: Overcorrecting minus lens therapy for treatment of intermittent exotropia
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35. Campos EC: Binocularity in comitant strabismus: Binocular visual field studies. Doc Ophthalmol 53:249, 1982.
36. Campos EC, Cipolli C: Binocularity and photophobia in intermittent exotropia. Percept Mot Skills 74:1168, 1992.
37. Cass EE: Divergent strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol 21:538, 1937.
38. Chamberlain W: Discussion of paper by Burian HM, Franceschetti AT: Evaluation of diagnostic methods for the classification of exodeviations. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 68:56, 1970.
39. Chavasse FE: Worth’s Squint or the Binocular Reflexes and the Treatment of Strabismus. London, Baillière, Tindall & Cox, 1939.
40. Ciancia AO, Melek N: A new treatment of anomalous retinal
41. Cooper EL: Purposeful overcorrection in exotropia. In Arruga A, ed: International Strabismus Symposium, University of Giessen, Germany, 1966. Basel, S Karger, 1968, p 311.
42. Cooper EL, Leyman IA: The management of intermittent exotropia. A comparison of the results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment. In Moore S, Mein J, Stockbridge L, eds: Orthoptics: Past, Present, Future. Transactions of the Third International Orthoptic Congress, New York, Stratton Intercontinental, 1976, p 563.
43. Chew E, Remaley NA, Tamboli A, et al: Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 112:1349, 1994.
44. Costenbader FD: The physiology and management of divergent strabismus. In Allen JH, ed: Strabismic Ophthalmic Symposium I. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1950.
45. Dannheim E: Panoramasehen bei Strabismus divergens. Orthopt Pleopt 6:17, 1978.
46. Dawson ELM, Marshman WE, Lee JP: Role of botulinum toxin A in surgically overcorrected exotropia. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 3:269, 1999.
47. de Decker W: Heterotropie (manifester Strabismus). In Kaufmann H, ed: Strabismus. Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1986, p 139.
48. Donders FC: An essay on the nature and the consequences of anomalies of refraction. Oliver CA, ed: Philadelphia, P Blakiston’s Son & Co, 1899, p 59.
49. Duane A: A new classification of the motor anomalies of the eyes based upon physiological principles, together with their symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Ann Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 5:969, 1896; 6:84,247, 1897.
50. Dunlap EA: Overcorrections in esotropia surgery. In Arruga A, ed: International Strabismus Symposium, University of Giessen, Germany, 1966. Basel, S Karger, 1968, p 319.
51. Dunlap EA: Overcorrections in horizontal strabismus surgery. In Symposium on Strabismus. Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1971, p 255.
52. Edelman PM, Brown MH, Murphree AL, Wright KW: Consecutive esotropia . . . then what? Am Orthopt J 38:111, 1988.
53. Eino D, Kraft SP: Postoperative drifts after adjustablesuture strabismus surgery. Can J Ophthalmol 32:163, 1997.
54. Eustace P, Wesson ME, Druby DJ: The effect of illumination on intermittent divergent squint of the divergence excess type. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 93:559, 1973.
55. Fahle M: Naso-temporal asymmetry of binocular inhibition Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28:1016, 1987.
56. Feretis D, Mela E, Vasilopoulos G: Excessive single lateral rectus muscle recession in the treatment of intermittent exotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 27:315, 1990
57. Fletcher M: Natural history of idiopathic strabismus. In Symposium on Strabismus. Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1971, p 15.
58. Fletcher MC, Silverman SJ: Strabismus. I. A summary of 1110 consecutive cases. Am J Ophthalmol 61:86, 1966.
59. Flynn JT, McKenney S, Rosenhouse M: Eine Behandlungsform des intermittierenden Begleitschielens. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 167:185, 1975.
60. Forrer HT: Retinal correspondence in intermittent exotropia. In Moore S, Mein J, Stockbridge L, eds: Orthoptics: Past, Present, Future, Transactions of the Third International Orthoptic Congress. New York, Stratton Intercontinental, 1976, p 547.
61. Frandsen AD: Occurrence of squint. A clinical-statistical study on the prevalence of squint and associated signs in different groups and ages of the Danish population. Acta Ophthalmol (kbb) Suppl 62:1, 1960.
62. Friedman Z, Neumann E, Hyams SW, Peleg B: Ophthalmic screening of 38,000 children, age 1 to 21⁄2 years, in child welfare clinics. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 17:261, 1980.
63. Fujikado T, Ohmi G, Ikeda T, et al: Exotropia secondary to vitreous hemorrhage. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235:143, 1997.
64. Graefe A von: Über musculäre Asthenopie. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 8:314, 1862.
65. Graefe E: Messungen von Heterophorien unter verschiedenen Umfeldleuchtdichten. Dissertation, University Eye Clinic, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 1967.
66. Graham PA: Epidemiology of strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol 58:224, 1974.
67. Gregersen E: The polymorphous exo patient. Analysis of 231 consecutive cases. Acta Ophthalmol 47:579, 1969.
68. Guibor G: The surgical treatment of exotropia resulting from anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Am J Ophthalmol 33:1840, 1950.
69. Haase W, Decker W de: Binokulare sensorische Defekte beim Strabismus divergens intermittens. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd
Ocular Muscle Imbalance. Translated and edited by Véronneau-Troutman S. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1969, p 201.
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70. Hall IB: Primary divergent strabismus. Analysis of aetiological factors. Br Orthopt J 18:106, 1961.
71. Hardesty HH: Treatment of recurrent intermittent exotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 60:1036, 1965.
72. Hardesty HH: Treatment of overcorrected intermittent exotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 66:80, 1968.
73. Hardesty HH: Treatment of under- and over-corrected intermittent exotropia with prism glasses. Am Orthopt J 19:110, 1969.
74. Hardesty HH: Prisms in the management of intermittent exotropia. Am Orthopt J 22:22, 1972.
75. Hardesty HH, Boynton JR, Keenan JP: Treatment of intermittent exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 96:268, 1978.
76. Helveston EM: The use and ‘‘abuse’’ of the +3.00 D lenses (editorial). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 11:175, 1974.
77. Herzau V: Untersuchungen über das binokulare Gesichtsfeld Schielender. Doc Ophthalmol 49:221, 1980.
78. Hiles DA, Davies GT, Costenbader FD: Long-term observations on unoperated intermittent exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 80:436, 1968.
79. Holland G: Häufigkeit und Vorkommen der anomalen Netzhautkorrespondenz. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 166:559, 1964.
80. Holland G: Über Zeitpunkt und Ursache des frühkindlichen Schielens. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 147:498, 1965.
81. Hugonnier R, Crayette-Hugonnier S: Strabismus, Heterophoria, Ocular Motor Paralysis. Clinical
82. Hunter DG, Ellis FJ: Prevalence of systemic and ocular disease in infantile exotropia. Ophthalmology 106:1951, 1999.
83. Hurtt J: The selection of cases for orthoptics and pleoptics in the United States. In First International Congress of Orthoptists. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1968, p 83.
84. Iacobucci I, Henderson JW: Occlusion in the preoperative treatment of exodeviations. Am Orthopt J 15:42, 1965.
85. Ikeyama K, Awaya S: Studies on stereoacuity by the Titmus stereotest with alternate presentation to each eye through the liquid crystal shutter. Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jpn 83:2021, 1979.
86. Inagaki Y, Awaya S, Yagasaki T, Sato M: Effect of the checkerboard pattern stimulator on sensory fusion in exotropia. Folia Ophthalmol Jpn 44:825, 1993.
87. Ing MR, Stephanie W, Pang L: The racial distribution of strabismus. In Reinecke RD, ed: Strabismus. Third Congress of the International Strabismological Association, Kyoto, Japan. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1978, p 107.
88. Jampolsky A: Characteristics of suppression in strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol 54:683, 1955.
89. Jampolsky A: Surgical management of exotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 46:646, 1958.
90. Jampolsky A: Management of exodeviations. In Strabismus. Symposium of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1962.
91. Jampolsky A: Ocular deviations. Int Ophthalmol Clin 4:567, 1964.
92. Jampolsky A: Ocular divergence mechanisms. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 65:730, 1970.
93. Jampolsky A, Flom BC, Weymouth FS, Moses LE: Unequal corrected visual acuity as related to anisometropia. Arch Ophthalmol 54:893, 1955.
94. Jenkins R: Demographics: Geographic variations in the prevalence and management of exotropia. Am Orthopt J 42:82, 1992.
95. Joose MV, Simonsz HJ, van Minderhout EM, et al: Quantitative visual fields under binocular viewing conditions in primary and consecutive divergent strabismus. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 237:535, 1999.
96. Keech RV, Stewart SA: The surgical overcorrection of intermittent exotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 27:218, 1990.
97. Kii T, Nakagawa T: Natural history of intermittent exotropia—statistical study of preoperative strabismic angle in different age groups. Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jpn 96:904, 1992.
98. Knapp P: Divergent deviations. In Allen JH, ed: Strabismic Ophthalmic Symposium II. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1958, p 354.
99. Knapp P: Treatment of divergent deviations. In Allen JH, ed: Strabismic Ophthalmic Symposium II. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1958, p 364.
100. Knapp P: Management of exotropia. In Symposium on Strabismus. Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1971, p 233.
101. Knapp P: Use of membrane prisms. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 79:718, 1975.
102. Kommerell G: In discussion of Mitsui Y, Tamura O, Bérard PV, Reydy R: Optomotor effect in esotropia. In Reinecke RD, ed: Strabismus II. Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the International Strabismological Association, Asilomar. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1982, p 439.
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  • Management of double elevator palsy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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